As the
internet advocate Clay Shirky noted,
everybody who talks about information overload starts with the graph with the
telltale ascending line and the litany of the troubles it entails. As the line
informs us, information is increasing exponentially, and we can barely deal
with it intellectually and emotionally, or more and more often, we can’t. And
the solution? It is here that the
rallying cries diverge.
Scary Graph (from Basex.com)
On one side
there is Shirky, who assigns the problem to filter failure, and why not? It’s a
reasonable thing after all to suppose that if we had better ways to sort out
information, we could cull the bad from the good, and be able to significantly
reduce the information we have to cope with daily. Search, social media, and e-commerce firms of
course concur, and are rapidly improving their search algorithms (using of
course information about you that you voluntarily or involuntarily port over to
them) so you can find what you need the
first time.
On the other
hand is the internet critic Nicolas Carr, who
attributes information overload to filter success. In Carr’s opinion our
filters are working all too well, and the problem is that they are getting
better and better.
Thus,
“….The real
source of information overload…. is the stuff we like, the stuff we want. And
as filters get better, that's exactly the stuff we get more of.
It's a
mistake, in short, to assume that as filters improve they have the effect of
reducing the information we have to look at. As today's filters improve, they
expand the information we feel compelled to take notice of. Yes, they winnow
out the uninteresting stuff (imperfectly), but they deliver a vastly greater
supply of interesting stuff. And precisely because the information is of
interest to us, we feel pressure to attend to it. As a result, our sense of
overload increases.”
Implicit in
both arguments is this premise:
The information we want is the same as the
information we need.
This is an
argument for the curing salve of better filters (to fine tune what we want,
since our wants are finite) or a call
for mass despair (because our wants are infinite,
and thus overwhelm us when they are invariably served by the web). This premise
derives from an assumption that in our hubris we are wont to make: that humans
are rational agents that know what they want and why.
But what if
this was not true? What if we are at
root irrational creatures who delude ourselves into thinking that we know what
we want and why we want it? What if the information we want is more often than
not different from the information we need? If this is true, then to paraphrase
Shakespeare, our fate is not in the stars (or rather the cloud), but in
ourselves, because if the information that we want is often not the same as the information we need,
then we need to be aware how to distinguish our wants from our needs and how
and when to constrain the former. In other words, for information overload, the
key is to understand how our basic motivations work.
The question that
Shirky and Carr beg is thus elemental: Why
is information of interest to us, because
it is important, or because of something else? To answer this question, let us illustrate
how a basic search was performed over the last few generations by going to our
metaphorical sock drawer in search of red stockings.
It’s 1912,
and you as t-shirt manufacturer want to begin a production run of commemorative
t-shirts of the Boston Red Stockings triumph in the World Series. As soon as
the game is over you receive an immediate telegraph of their victory, and it’s
off to the races to start production.
It’s 1932,
and you as a t- shirt manufacturer want to get started with your commemorative
t-shirt run, and so you listen to the game on the radio, and upon its
completion, get to work.
It’s 2012,
and you as a t-shirt manufacturer want get to cracking on your production run
celebrating the Boston Red Sox victory, and you follow the sox from college
draft to preseason to all of their games through the World Series, and monitor
all the social and news media who have something to say about it.
In all three
time frames, the decision point happens in a second at a predetermined moment,
namely when (hopefully) the sox win. The narrative of how that final fact (a
sox victory in the final game) got there is irrelevant. No matter what era, the
decision point is concise, precise, and momentary, and gets to you on time
regardless of the media you use and irrespective of its background story. There is no need to follow the narrative that
describes the changing facts that get us to that point, as the point of the
last man flying out in the last inning is all we need.
The
difference between the three eras is that in the first era we could not follow
the narrative that follows the sox on their way to the pennant, but in the
latter era we could. But following the latter comes at a cost. By following the progress of the sox we
become diverted from other things of value, and suffer regret. If these diversions are small scale and
populate our working day, they become distractions and cause us to lose focus
and attention. Finally, as we continually choose between distraction and
staying on course, we become tense and nervous.
The metaphor
of ‘information overload’ would seem to apply here, as every frame of every
moment of the continuous narrative leading to the Red Sox pennant can and is
considered by the sox fan. However, like a strip of static frames in a motion
picture that give rise to a sense of movement or motion, the story is interesting
because of the novel ways the narrative changes, and it is the changes that
compel. Thus, although the ending is necessary for us to go about our business,
the story that leads to it is compelling not because of what it is, but how it
is continually transformed.
We can expand
our simple Red Sox narrative to the narratives embedded in all the things we do
that are being progressively revealed by the web. We need to know facts, but
what obsesses us is the narrative or story that brings us to those facts. The internet produces not just more
information, but more narratives of
information. We see not a picture, but a movie, not a note, but a score, not a phrase
but a speech. Moreover, we conflate the importance of the narrative with the significance
of its conclusion, or what we want with what we need. This is a dangerous
delusion, for the stuff we want depends upon the narrative or facts in motion,
but the stuff we need depends upon the facts sitting still.
We can get
the facts we daily need in a half hour, but continually accessing the web to
see a moving stock market, middle east crisis, or what Uncle Charlie is up to
are never ending stories that excite us, engage us, but ultimately bring us
down. A narrative is of course still important if our behavior necessarily changes
in tandem. In this case the narrative is ‘feedback’. Thus, a quarterback’s
performance is determined by feedback during the moment to moment course of the
game. However, for the stadium audience, this feedback is entertainment, and
for those who attend to the ever expanding narrative on the game itself, an unnecessary
and harmful obsession.
The Myth of Information Overload
As a
metaphor, information overload attributes the psychological effects of the
internet to what information is rather than how it is arranged. But humans are above all novelty-seeking
creatures, and novelty is enhanced not in the facts but in the stories they
tell. Because the explanation for how the web influences us psychologically is
based on core assumptions on human motivation that are faulty, we proceed with
our daily lives under a dangerous illusion abetted unfortunately by the
perverse incentives of our media providers to keep us hanging onto the story
when the conclusion is all we need. Whether or not we can escape this illusion
and its dire consequences depends ultimately on not just a better story, but
also a better explanation as to how
our minds actually work.
Sources:
Finding a
better story to describe the emerging fact that wanting and liking aren’t the
same thing takes you to the seminal work on the topic performed by the
neuropsychologist Kent Berridge on the
topic, or my own narrative on
Berridge’s work and what it means.
Hopefully both make for some interesting explanations.
